Human Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2, BST2 ELISA Kit
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IFN-induced antiviral host restriction factor which efficiently blocks the release of diverse mammalian enveloped viruses by directly tethering nascent virions to the membranes of infected cells. Acts as a direct physical tether, holding virions to the cell membrane and linking virions to each other. The tethered virions can be internalized by endocytosis and subsequently degraded or they can remain on the cell surface. In either case, their spread as cell-free virions is restricted (PubMed: 22520941, PubMed: 21529378, PubMed: 20940320, PubMed: 20419159, PubMed: 20399176, PubMed: 19879838, PubMed: 19036818, PubMed: 18342597, PubMed: 18200009). Its target viruses belong to diverse families, including retroviridae: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), prototype foamy virus (PFV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV), flavivirideae: hepatitis C virus (HCV), filoviridae: ebola virus (EBOV) and marburg virus (MARV), arenaviridae: lassa virus (LASV) and machupo virus (MACV), herpesviridae: kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhabdoviridae: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), orthomyxoviridae: influenza A virus, paramyxoviridae: nipah virus, and coronaviridae: SARS-CoV (PubMed: 22520941, PubMed: 21621240, PubMed: 21529378, PubMed: 20943977, PubMed: 20686043, PubMed: 20419159, PubMed: 20399176, PubMed: 19879838, PubMed: 19179289, PubMed: 18342597, PubMed: 18200009, PubMed: 26378163, PubMed: 31199522). Can inhibit cell surface proteolytic activity of MMP14 causing decreased activation of MMP15 which results in inhibition of cell growth and migration (PubMed: 22065321). Can stimulate signaling by LILRA4/ILT7 and consequently provide negative feedback to the production of IFN by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in response to viral infection (PubMed: 19564354, PubMed: 26172439). Plays a role in the organization of the subapical actin cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are both effective viral restriction factors but have differing antiviral and signaling activities (PubMed: 23028328, PubMed: 26172439). Isoform 2 is resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-mediated degradation and restricts HIV-1 viral budding in the presence of Vpu (PubMed: 23028328, PubMed: 26172439). Isoform 1 acts as an activator of NF-kappa-B and this activity is inhibited by isoform 2 (PubMed: 23028328).
Fully tested in-house by ABMIUM, or supported by an advanced validation report from a partner reviewed by ABMIUM. Highest confidence. Non-conformities fully supported under the ABMIUM Product Promise.
Quality verified. Independent collaborator or expected-performance data available. Product meets ABMIUM quality standards.
Expected to work based on structural and biochemical data. Not yet directly tested by ABMIUM or a collaborator. No non-conformity support for this combination.
Not recommended for this application or species/sample combination. This may indicate either evidence of unsuitability or that the combination has not been tested and therefore cannot currently be recommended.
Evidence status by application and model.
| Evidence | Serum | Plasma | Cell culture supernatants | Ascites | Tissue homogenates |
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This product is manufactured by BT LAB and sold through ABMIUM without relabelling.
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BST2 (bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2), also known as tetherin, CD317 and HM1.24, is an interferon-inducible membrane protein studied as a cell-intrinsic antiviral restriction factor and marker of innate immune activation.
Biological function: BST2/tetherin restricts the release of diverse enveloped viruses by physically tethering nascent virions to infected-cell membranes. Its unusual membrane anchoring enables retained virions to remain at the surface or undergo endocytic internalization, linking BST2 to antiviral restriction, membrane trafficking and interferon-responsive host defence.
