Expert support from our scientists. Browse curated FAQs by application, or raise a support ticket - we respond within 2 hours on business days.
Try a different search term or browse another application area.
Follow the product datasheet for buffer and concentration. Add buffer gently, allow the vial to stand, then mix without vigorous vortexing. Prepare single-use aliquots in low-binding tubes and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Review storage temperature, buffer composition, concentration and freeze-thaw history. Aggregation may occur after vigorous mixing, prolonged room-temperature exposure or storage near the isoelectric point. Compare a fresh aliquot and use an appropriate positive-control assay.
Use the product datasheet because suitable pH, ionic strength, cofactors, reducing agents and carrier proteins depend on the molecule and assay. If a buffer exchange is required, test a small aliquot first and avoid conditions near the protein's isoelectric point when aggregation is a concern.
For a purified protein, A280 can be used when the sequence-based extinction coefficient and path length are known. A compatible colorimetric assay can be used when excipients interfere with absorbance. Measure against the correct blank and avoid assuming that total protein concentration equals active protein concentration.
Include a reagent blank, vehicle control, known active positive control and a concentration series of the test protein. Keep buffer composition and incubation conditions matched. For enzymes, confirm that substrate conversion is measured within the initial linear range.
Try a different search term or browse another application area.
Die häufigsten Ursachen für Ergebnisse ohne Bande sind:
Unspezifische Amplifikation wird normalerweise durch geringe Annealing-Stringenz oder Fehlpriming verursacht.
Für die meisten qPCR-Assays sind 1–10 ng cDNA oder genomischer DNA pro 20 µL Reaktion optimal. Eine Überladung (> 100 ng) führt zu Inhibition und künstlich hohen Cq-Werten. Eine Unterladung (< 0,01 ng) erhöht die Variabilität zwischen den Replikaten.
Führen Sie immer eine Standardkurve über 4–5 logarithmische Verdünnungen durch, um die Reaktionseffizienz zu überprüfen (90–110 % akzeptabel). Die Effizienz wird berechnet als: E = (10^(–1/Steigung)) – 1.
Check template integrity and purity, reverse-transcription consistency, pipetting, primer specificity and reaction efficiency. Run a standard curve, no-template control and no-reverse-transcriptase control where relevant. Replicate variability often increases close to the assay's limit of quantification.
Early amplification with a product-like melt peak may indicate contamination. Late amplification with a lower melt temperature often suggests primer-dimer formation, but confirm by melt analysis or gel electrophoresis. Replace suspect reagents and keep pre-amplification work physically separate from amplified products.
Try a different search term or browse another application area.
Prepare standards with calibrated pipettes, mix every dilution thoroughly and run duplicates. Confirm the correct curve model for the kit, subtract blanks as instructed and avoid using readings outside the plate reader’s linear range.
High CV commonly results from inconsistent pipetting, bubbles, incomplete mixing, edge effects or unequal incubation times. Use a multichannel pipette consistently, remove bubbles before reading and add reagents in the same sequence across the plate.
Ein schwaches Signal deutet typischerweise auf eine der folgenden Ursachen hin:
Check wash performance, reagent dilution, incubation time, substrate development time and plate drying. Confirm that the conjugate and substrate were prepared correctly and that the plate reader wavelength is appropriate. Repeat with fresh wash buffer and include blank wells to identify reagent background.
Do not extrapolate beyond the validated standard range. Dilute samples above the range and repeat them, then apply the dilution factor. Samples below the lower limit should be reported according to the kit's validated detection and quantification limits rather than assigned an unsupported concentration.
Try a different search term or browse another application area.
Mykoplasmen sind die häufigsten Zellkulturkontaminanten und mit bloßem Auge oder einem Standard-Hellfeldmikroskop nicht sichtbar. Nachweismethoden:
Zur Eliminierung ist eine BM-Cyclin-Behandlung über zwei 7-Tage-Zyklen für die meisten Stämme wirksam. Bestätigen Sie die Eliminierung 2 Wochen nach der Behandlung.
Try a different search term or browse another application area.
Check the product-specific shipping and stability statement before use. Photograph the parcel, record the arrival temperature and contact support with the catalogue number, lot number and delivery date. Do not discard packaging until the case is reviewed.
Provide catalogue and lot numbers, order reference, storage history, protocol, sample type, controls, instrument settings and representative raw data or images. Include the expected result and the observed result.
Stop before using the kit, retain the packaging and photograph the shipment. Record the product, lot, order number and affected component, then contact support. Do not combine components from different lots unless the instructions explicitly allow it.
Check the product-specific instructions before use. Some salts or concentrated buffers can precipitate during cold storage and may redissolve under specified conditions, while unexpected precipitate can indicate contamination or degradation. Do not heat, filter or discard material unless the instructions permit it.
Performance after the stated expiry date is not assured. Use an in-date product for regulated, diagnostic or decision-critical work. For exploratory research, any use beyond expiry should be qualified against an in-date control and documented, but support specifications may no longer apply.
Try a different search term or browse another application area.
Unsere Wissenschaftler antworten innerhalb von 2 Stunden während der Geschäftszeiten (Mo–Fr 09:00–16:00 GMT).